There are several types and types of diabetes mellitus, each of which has its own characteristics and differences.
Along with the well-known names of the types of diabetes mellitus - type 1 and 2 - you can often find other types of the disease, which are often confusing. For example, it is not entirely clear what is gestational diabetes mellitus or pepper diabetes. So what other types and types of diabetes are there?
The main type
Often in the formulation of the diagnosis, one can find the concept of "diabetes type 1" or "diabetes type 2". This classification determines the disease according to the body's need for insulin.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the destruction of specific pancreatic beta cells responsible for insulin production. This happens most often when a person is exposed to a viral infection, as a result of which the immune system begins to produce "attackers" to the gland cells, which destroy them. As a result, insulin deficiency occurs in the blood. Since cells cannot absorb glucose from the blood without important hormones such as insulin, they literally starve, while "floating" on glucose.
If insulin is introduced into the body from the outside, then the cells "with joy" will begin to take up glucose, while the sugar level will be normal. Therefore, type 1 disease is also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
When the term "non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" is mentioned, it means type 2 diabetes. Its pathogenesis is based on two main points:
- beta cell pathology;
- Violation of insulin sensitivity by insulin-dependent body cells.
This condition develops more often in obese people, because obesity leads to the formation of resistance cells (immunity) to the action of insulin. In addition to obesity, glucose absorption is affected by smoking, lack of physical activity, and taking certain medications.
Type 3 diabetes
There is type 3 diabetes, which combines the signs of type 1 and 2. That is, the accumulation of adipose tissue in the liver (like diabetes type 2) and insulin deficiency (like diabetes type 1). In life, type 2 diabetes that responds positively to insulin therapy is type 3. But this type is not recognized by health organizations, so all cases are divided into types 1 and 2.
This disease is not uncommon. The reason is considered to be an increase in the absorption of iodine in the intestine due to various pathologies. This leads to thyrotoxic type 2 diabetes with complex pathogenesis. Treatment with it is fundamentally different from standard therapy.
hidden form
Latent diabetes mellitus is a condition when glucose from food is absorbed slowly, but insulin production remains at the correct or high level. Clinically latent diabetes does not appear. This form precedes type 2 diabetes. It should be said that the hidden variant of diabetes is pre-diabetes, at this stage it is still possible to influence the state of carbohydrate metabolism.
Latent diabetes can occur for a long time (up to several years). To recognize it in time, you should often monitor blood glucose, which is very important for people with predisposing factors (obesity, hypertension and the use of diuretic drugs that reduce potassium levels, polycystic ovary syndrome).
If latent diabetes mellitus is detected in time, then, following simple preventive rules, this form will not turn into type 2 diabetes. To prevent this, you should increase physical activity, stick to a diet, control blood glucose.
Labile and stable
You can also find words like "stable and labile diabetes. "So they say both about diabetes type 1 and type 2. Under these terms understand the clinical course of this disease.
Labile diabetes is characterized by a rather severe and unpredictable course. Dramatically changes the level of sugar in the blood during the day, which does not allow you to choose the optimal dose of insulin. With this form, acute and late complications occur more often - ketoacidosis, kidney disorders, organs of vision. The labile form is characteristic of teenagers.
The stable form is characterized by a uniform course without a sudden drop in sugar, milder symptoms, and a low level of hyperglycemia.
Gestational
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy. Pregnancy, or in lat. pregnancy is pregnancy. The causes of this type of disease have not been determined for sure, but the hormones produced by the placenta and the pregnant mother's body lead to physiological insulin resistance. There are certain factors that lead to the development of diabetes during pregnancy. This includes:
- late pregnancy;
- familial diabetes;
- smoking;
- obesity;
- stillbirth in a previous pregnancy.
If a woman follows the doctor's instructions, regularly takes tests, then such an unpleasant disease can be avoided. If diabetes has developed, then insulin therapy and adequate hospitalization are prescribed. Patients are monitored by obstetrician-gynecologist, endocrinologist, internist, ophthalmologist, neurologist. After childbirth, as a rule, carbohydrate metabolism returns to normal.
It is important to note that gestational diabetes can persist after delivery. This diagnosis is valid for 2 months after birth. During this period, a woman needs to continue treatment, but with an adjustment in the dose of insulin, which is calculated by the attending physician or endocrinologist. 2 months after giving birth, a woman undergoes a stress test, which will show whether there is a violation of carbohydrate metabolism. If hyperglycemia is observed, the diagnosis is corrected and appropriate treatment is prescribed.
Pepper diabetes
Latent diabetes mellitus, or pepper diabetes, is rarely diagnosed because of its latent course. Pepper diabetes has characteristics in relation to other forms.
- Laboratory tests do not reveal this form. Glucose levels on an empty stomach are usually not elevated.
- The first symptoms of this disease appear after 25 years.
- Pregnancy, stress, infectious diseases, rapid weight gain due to adipose tissue can trigger clinical signs.
- Pepper diabetes occurs most often in people without obesity.
- The symptoms are similar to type 2 diabetes, but in a more subtle form.
- Markers of type 1 diabetes can be detected in the patient's blood.
- Diabetes Lada is controlled by diet and taking hypoglycemic drugs.
To determine pepper diabetes, special tests are carried out, which will be discussed in an article devoted specifically to this condition.
Mody Diabetes
Mody diabetes mellitus is rarely recognizable, it is associated with certain gene mutations (there are 8 of them). This gene is responsible for the normal structure of insulin or for the optimal development of beta cells. Mody's diabetes is characterized as low progressive, developing in young people (more often children, teenagers).
Among all diabetic patients, diabetes mody accounts for 2-5% of cases, but the development of the pregnancy type is associated with genetic mutations. A reliable diagnosis of mody diabetes is possible only with the help of molecular genetic research.
Features of this form flow:
- occur in children
- sometimes there is an increase in glucose up to 8 mmol / l;
- no obesity;
- no insulin resistance;
- The SD is available in two generations;
- The course is similar to type 2 diabetes.
steroid diabetes
Steroid diabetes develops with prolonged use of drugs based on corticosteroids or with hypercortisolism (syndrome, or disease, Itsenko-Cushing). Adrenal hormones have an adverse effect on pancreatic beta cells, resulting in insulin deficiency.
Steroid diabetes mellitus is an insulin-dependent condition. But its clinical course includes some features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In addition, there is a violation of the work of other organs due to the action of corticoids. This diabetes is considered type 2 diabetes.
Pancreas
Pancreatic DM is a secondary disease. It develops in response to the destruction of the pancreas in pancreatitis, stones in the gallbladder and ducts, after operations on the gland. All these factors lead to a decrease in active beta cells and a lack of insulin. It continues like type 1 diabetes.
Other secondary forms
Adrenal, pituitary, thyroid diabetes occurs against the background of an excessive amount of certain hormones in the blood, which leads to the destruction of insulin-producing cells. The clinic is similar to type 1 diabetes with symptoms of damage to other organs and tissues.